physics lab :: essays research papers

Archimedess Principle1. Weight = mass x 9.80 g/cm3W= 45g x 9.80 NW= 44,100 dynes2. fortunate force (calculated) = weight in air weight in waterBF = 44,100 dynes 38710 dynesBF = 5390 dynes3. hoi polloi of Water = radius2 x lengthV= (.63cm) (4.65cm)V= 5.80 cm 4. Buoyant force ( measur adapted) = mass in air/ densityBF= (44,100 g) / (7.76 g/cm3)BF= 5684 cm35. % difference = BF calculated BF measured/ BF measured% difference = 5390 5684 / 5684% difference = 5.4 %6. Density = Mass / VolumeDensity = 45 g / 5.80 cm3Density = 7.76 g/cm37. Volume of woodland = length x width x heightV = (7.62cm) (7.63cm) (3.86 cm)V = 224. 42 cm3Questions2.) Because an overweight person displaces more mobile when stepping into a pool. By displacing more fluid, the person creates a greater buoyant force making it easier for him to swim.5.c) By placing a battery into the water with a locomote rod into its deep cylindrical cavity it is quite easy to determine the condition of the battery. The diluted ba ttery will have a much higher(prenominal) density than that of a highly charged battery. From the observation of how the battery floats you can tell its condition.8.) We were able to recover the volume of displace water in use II quite easily. First we placed a large tupperware container on the table and in it a smaller container filled to the top with water. When the block of wood was placed in the container, water fell out of the smaller container into the larger container. By placing the water which fell out of the smaller container into a cylinder, you are able to measure the volume of displaced water.9.) No I did not use Archimedess principal to find the densities. I used the density formula of dividing the mass by the volume. We find the densities and compare them to the densities of water to help understand the mechanics of buoyant force.DiscussionIn part two of the lab dealing with Archimedess principle, we were canvas the buoyant force of a block of wood to its weight in dynes. The first step of the operation dealt with measuring the quantity of displaced water. We did this using two containers, unmatched small and one large, and filled the small container to the brim with water. By placing the block of wood in the small container and using a graduated cylinder, we were able to find the amount of water displaced by the block.

Stereotyping :: Psychology Stereotyping Stereotype Essays

StereotypingStereotyping is a form of pre sagacity that is as prevalent in todays society as it was 2000 years ago. It is a social attitude that has stood the test of time and received much attention by social psychologists and philosophers alike. Many approaches to, or theories of stereotyping have thus been raised. This essay evaluates the cognitive approach that categorisation is an essential cognitive process that inevitably leads to stereotyping. Hamilton (1979) calls this a depressing dilemma.Browns (1995) definition of stereotyping through prejudice is the holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the saying of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a classify on account of their membership to that group. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyches within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as thinking ill of oth ers without warrant, is that people make their mind up without any personal experience. This pre judgement about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatisation of any individuals in that group. It is these ideas that the essay aims to evaluate, through the cognitive process of categorisation and the above definitions that lease about three distinct take ins of stereotyping, that our cognition can be demonstrated through.The first characteristic of stereotyping is over-generalisation. A number of studies conducted found that different combinations of traits were associated with groups of different heathenish and national origin (Katz and Braly, 1933). However, stereotyping does not imply that all members of a group are judged in these ways, just that a typical member of a group can be categorised in such judgements, that they possess the characteristics of the group. Still, when we talk of a group, we do so by imagining a member of that group.The second feature and charac teristic of stereotyping is the exaggeration of the difference amid ones own group (the in-group) and the other group (the out-group). This can be traced back to the work of Tajfel during the 1950s - the accentuation principle (Tajfel, 1981). Tajfels work was specifically on physical stimuli, and concluded that judgements on such stimuli are not made in isolation, but in the context of other factors. Applied socially - a judgement about an out-group relies upon other factors surrounding the judgement in question, as well as making a statement about the in-group and the relationship between the two groups.

Essay --

Rerum Novarum refers to new beginnings. New beginnings refers to an open letter given to all Catholic bishops that addressed the circumstances of the working class. Written on may 15th 1891 by Tommaso Maria Zigliara, the Rerum Novarum examined the interrelation and duties between labor and capital. This document also covers the relationship between the government and citizens. The document begins with an approach, as all documents do. The introduction opens with remarks on social issues of that time. The speaker continues to speak out against the Socialist motives, and those who allowed them to come about and prosper. The first issues to be discussed are rights and duties. Pope Leo introduces an idea that entails the rights all worker is to be afforded and the duties he then owes his employer. Pope Leo also states that this rule should go both ways and extend to the employer as well. The Pope states that workers are, fully and faithfully to perform the work which has been freely and equitably agreed upon never to injure the property, nor to outrage the soul, of an employer never to resort to violence in defending their deliver cause, nor to engage in riot or disorder and to have nothing to do with men of evil principles, who work upon the people with artful promises of great results, and turn on foolish hopes which usually end in useless regrets and grievous loss. (p20)The duties a worker owes his employer are quite clearcut. As such, so are the duties of an employer to his workman. A decent employer is not to use their workers as bondsmen, they are to regard every man with self-respect. They are to treat each worker as a person aggrandized by a good Christian character. Employers are reminded that there is no shame... ... value them for their bodily functions, and not as people. However, if all employers were privy to the contents of Rerum Novarum that splatter about how employers are supposed to treat their workers how they deserved to be treated, Am ericas poverty level would go down. Others who are not well take away on the struggles of others should especially look into Rerum Novarum so that they may understand what it is like for others who are on the opposite side of the spectrum. It was paragraph twenty that spoke to me the most. As mentioned previously I really appreciate the fact that it is written somewhere that there should be a set of rights and duties between workers and their employers. All of the rights and duties are fair, and I believe that they should be followed by everyone. I also appreciate these rights because they should be followed whether or not someone is Christian.

Child Prostitution and Pornography :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Child Prostitution and Pornography Sexual abuse of children has become a public headache only recently in the United States, young girls and boys gain been used to satisfy adult informal desires for most of our history. Castration of boys, fondling, forced genital or anal intercourse, and sale for prostitution were common through with(predicate) much of Western history. It was not until the sixteenth century that laws were enacted in England to protect girls and boys under the age of ex from rape and sodomy. (Knudsen,106) p In the nineteenth century, after the exposure of the white slave trade, in which young girls were sold or kidnapped and forced into prostitution, the concept of age of consent developed in England, defining the age at which a girl could consent to sexual intercourse initially at ten, then at twelve, and finally, in 1885, at sixteen.(Knudson,106) Over the past ten years , the availability of literature on sexual assault has increased significantly. However, clinical data ar increasingly suggesting that boys may be at equal risk for sexual victimization, since they are the preffered targets of habitual pedophiles and victims of child sex rings. Law inforcement investigations have verified the pedophiles around always collect child pornography or child erotica. Pedophiles do not merely view pornography They save it. It represents their most cherished sexual fantasies. They typically collect books, magazines, articles, newspapers, negatives, movies, slides, photographs, albums, drawings, audiotapes, personal letters, video tapes and equipment, diaries, clothing, sexual aids, souvenirs, toys, games, lists, paintings, ledgers, and photographic equipment. Better educated and more affluent pedophiles scarper to have largewr collections. Pedophiles whose living or work arrangements give them a higher degree of privacy tend to have larger collections. Because collections are accumulated over a period of time, older pedophiles tend to have larger collections. Pedophiles with the economic means are converting more and more to videotape systems. They are even converting their books, magazines, photographs, and movies to videotape. For less than $1,500, a pedophile can have his own video camera and two video recorders, which give him the capability to produce and duplicate child pornography and erotica with little fear of discovery.(Lanning,236-7) at that place are four kinds of collectors (a) closet, (b) isolated, (c) cottage, and (d) commercial. The closet collector keeps his collection a secret and is not actively involved in molesting children. Materials are usually purchased discreetly through commercial channels.

Cigarettes are Killing America :: Argumentative Persuasive Arguement

Cigarettes are Killing AmericaThis year alone cigarettes leave alone kill over 420,000 Americans, and many more will suffer from cancers, and circulatory and respiratory system diseases1. These awful illnesses were known to originate from cigarettes for years. Nicotine, the main chemical bilinear in cigarettes, was declared habit-forming by the Food and Drug Administration. This explains why smokers continue to use cigarettes even though smokers are aware of the constantly warned most health dangers in cigarettes. Although smokers constitute the majority of people who suffer from cigarettes, they are not the only ones ailing from cigarette smoke. As UC San Francisco scientist and author Stanton Glantz estimates in Shari Roans article, the add together of second-hand smoke inhaled by the typical nonsmoker is equivalent to one cigarette smoked per day.1 Even that amount of cigarette smoke can damage a persons heart. Some researchers have also concluded that smoking by pregnant wom en causes the deaths of over 5,000 babies and 115,000 miscarriages.2 The only way to terminate the suffering and loss of life brought upon by cigarettes exists as a complete proscription on them. Opponents to the banning of cigarettes argue that it will create a profound negative impact on the economy. They do not realize that this nation places the health of its citizens above its financial status. Although many people continue to remain convinced that absolving our country of cigarettes does not merit slightly economical loss, this remains as a necessary step in eradicating our country of these virulent stiflers of life. For years cigarettes have been known to cause cancer, emphysema, and other horrible illnesses. The deaths of over 420,000 of Americans this year will be attributable to cigarettes. With all the other causes of preventable deaths, alcohol, illegal drugs, AIDS, suicide, transportation accidents, fires, and guns, cigarettes still account for more preventable deaths than those do combined, as stated by Lonnie Bristow M.D. of the American Medical Association at her speech to Indiana University.3 We can no longer stand aside and observation tower fellow Americans die because they smoke cigarettes. Thousands of smokers try to rid themselves of cigarettes but cant because of the physiological dependence they develop, chiefly imputable to its chemical additive nicotine.4 Nicotine was recently declared addictive by the Food and Drug Administration, which explains why many smokers continue to smoke despite the numerous health warnings on cigarette smoking. Although cigarettes do not twist as intense an effect as drugs like heroin and cocaine, they rank higher in the level of dependence it creates in the user.

Cigarettes are Killing America :: Argumentative Persuasive Arguement

Cigarettes are Killing AmericaThis year alone cigarettes give kill everyplace 420,000 Americans, and many more will suffer from cancers, and circulatory and respiratory system diseases1. These horrible illnesses were known to originate from cigarettes for years. Nicotine, the main chemical additive in cigarettes, was declared addictive by the Food and Drug Administration. This explains why smokers cover up to use cigarettes even though smokers are aware of the constantly warned about health dangers in cigarettes. Although smokers constitute the majority of deal who suffer from cigarettes, they are not the only ones ailing from cigarette smoke. As UC San Francisco scientist and author Stanton Glantz estimates in Shari Roans article, the amount of second-hand smoke inhaled by the typical nonsmoker is equivalent to one cigarette smoke-cured per day.1 Even that amount of cigarette smoke can damage a persons heart. Some researchers have also concluded that smoking by pregnant women c auses the deaths of over 5,000 babies and 115,000 miscarriages.2 The only way to terminate the suffering and loss of life brought upon by cigarettes exists as a complete proscription on them. Opponents to the banning of cigarettes argue that it will create a profound negative impact on the economy. They do not realize that this nation places the health of its citizens above its financial status. Although many people continue to remain convinced that absolving our country of cigarettes does not merit some economical loss, this remains as a necessary step in eradicating our country of these virulent stiflers of life. For years cigarettes have been known to cause cancer, emphysema, and other horrible illnesses. The deaths of over 420,000 of Americans this year will be attributable to cigarettes. With all the other causes of preventable deaths, alcohol, illegal drugs, AIDS, suicide, transportation accidents, fires, and guns, cigarettes still account for more preventable deaths than tho se do combined, as stated by Lonnie Bristow M.D. of the American Medical Association at her pitch to Indiana University.3 We can no longer stand aside and watch fellow Americans die because they smoke cigarettes. Thousands of smokers try to rid themselves of cigarettes but cant because of the physiological dependance they develop, chiefly imputable to its chemical additive nicotine.4 Nicotine was recently declared addictive by the Food and Drug Administration, which explains why many smokers continue to smoke contempt the numerous health warnings on cigarette smoking. Although cigarettes do not offer as intense an effect as drugs like heroin and cocaine, they rank high in the level of dependence it creates in the user.

Demon in the Freezer Overview

The Demon in the Freezer is a 2002 non-fiction book on the biological weapon agents smallpox and anthrax and how the American government develops defensive measures against them. It was written by journalist Richard Preston, also author of the best-selling book The Hot Z matchless (1994), about outbreaks of Ebola virus in Africa and Reston, Virginia and the US governments response to them. The book is primarily an account of the Smallpox Eradication Program (196780), the ongoing perception by the U. S. overnment that smallpox is still a potential biological terrorism agent, and the controversy over whether or not the remaining samples of smallpox virus in Atlanta and Moscow (the demon in the freezer) should be finally destroyed. However, the generator was overtaken by events the 9/11 attacks and the anthrax letter incidents (called Amerithrax), both in 2001 and so much of the book interweaves the anthrax investigation with the smallpox material in an awkward 1 and somewhat disjoin ted 23 manner. persona 1, Something in the Air, begins h a day-by-day account of the anthrax letter attacks in Florida and Washington, DC, for the period 2 to 15 October 2001. Robert Stevens, a photo retoucher for the tabloid, The Sun was a victim and US Senator Tom Daschle was an intended victim. The reactions of the FBI, the CDC and the U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) atomic number 18 detailed. slit 2, The daydream Demon, looks back to an outbreak of smallpox at St Walberga Hospital in Meschede, Germany.The successful efforts organized by local public health authorities and the WHO including a textbook example of ring vaccination containment are described. Section 3, To Bhola Island, describes the variety and evolution of poxviruses and the history of smallpox in particular. The story of the SEP (Smallpox Eradication Program, referred to passim as the Eradication), led by DA Henderson and others is recounted.The more personal story of physician, counterculture figure, and future virtual community pioneer Lawrence Brilliant is told as his Indian guru, Neem Karoli Baba exhorts him in 1970 to join the SEP and go eradicate smallpox. (Brilliant ended up fighting the outbreak at the Tatanagar Railway Station in Bihar. Finally, the Maximum Containment Facility (MCF) of the CDC in Atlanta is described. Section 4, The Other Side of the Moon, begins with an account of the 1989 defection to the UK of Vladimir Pasechnik, the first Soviet bioweaponeer to flee to the West.Pasechnik described Biopreparat, the Soviet biological weapons program, to MI6, including their genetically modified, antibiotic resistant anthrax and their smallpox program at the site known as Vector. The fact that the Russians had armed ICBMs with both set upon and smallpox is revealed. Various biological weapon facilities in Russia and Iraq are described. Finally, the history and work of the Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopox Infections is related. This group of the WHO has hotly debated since 1980 over the slew of the remaining samples of smallpox in the last two official repositories.DA Henderson has been in favor of destruction, while US Army scientist Peter Jahrling has been against it on the basis that pass on research is needed since smallpox almost certainly exists (he believes) outside of the repositories. Section 5, A Woman with a Peaceful Life, tells the story of USAMRIID microbiologist and epidemiologist Dr Lisa E. Hensley who was originally recruited to do Ebola work. A January 2000 accident in the AA4 Hot Suite that Hensley experienced, along with the protocols that followed it, is described.The efforts of USAMRIID scientists to get approval to do smallpox research on animals is described including the FDAs sensual Efficacy Rule and the WHO General Assemblys provisional permission to do research for three years (19992002). A Monkey Cabinet is intentional at USAMRIID and CDC for use in the possible investigation of the qu estion of whether animals can be infected with smallpox. The development of a lethal, genetically engineered mousepox virus (the Jackson-Ramshaw virus) and its implications for bioterrorism are described.Finally, the awakening of the smallpox at the CDCs MCF West in 2001 by US Army investigators to induce smallpox disease in monkeys for the first clipping is dramatically recounted. Section 6, The Demons Eyes, continues the story of the induction of smallpox disease in monkeys at the CDC in 2001. It was determined that the Harper touch of smallpox kills monkeys slowly while the India strain kills them quickly. This was the first time that smallpox had ever been shown capable of infecting non-humans. Of eight monkeys infected, seven diedsix of hemorrhagic smallpox and one of the classic pustular type.There follows a discussion of the need and justification for animal-use smallpox experiments. The emergency evacuation of the Army workers in the MCF West on 9/11 is described. Section 7, The Anthrax Skulls, relates the atmosphere at the Department of wellness and Human Services and their actions at the time of the 9/11 attacks. The story of the Amerithrax investigations is picked up again in day-by-day detail for the period 16 to 25 October 2001. The response by the FBI, HHS, DOJ, CIA and the White House are detailed. Actions at USAMRIID and USAMRMC are also described. USAMRIID became the FBIs reference laboratory for forensic evidence related to the bioterror incident. ) The events leading to Dr Steven Hatfill becoming a DOJ person of interest are related. Finally, the indignation of Alfred Sommer, dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health at the news of the Army animal smallpox experiments is described as well as a reiteration of DA Hendersons opposition to the same. Section 8, Superpox, the last section, begins with a description of an attempt at replication of the Jackson-Ramshaw virus at a lab at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine by Mark Buller working for USAMRIID.The potential for a similarly engineered super-smallpox virus for use by a terrorist is examined. The procedure for the transfection of an interleukin-4 gene into a mousepox virus is described. Finally, an unusual artefact the preserved arm of a 3 or 4 year old child with classic smallpox lesions, discovered in 1999 and now housed at USAMRIIDis described. This leads the author to muse that the dream of the total eradication had failed, because although we could eradicate smallpox from nature, we could not uproot the virus from the human heart.

Choosing the best project for the company Essay

I would like to thank you for providing me with the essential information from your previous email to analyze the following molds Juniper, Palomino, and stargazer. This information has provided me counsellor with choosing the best leap out for the company. This email will provide you with the recommendation and proposal of the most beneficial cypher for the company. The project that fits our companys expectations and requirements is the Stargazer project. This project is efficient and the expectation of the project being completed on time is high and obtainable. According to the project descriptions, $450,000 has been spent on the product and they average a total of $575,000 being spent in order to bring the product to the market. Even though the dollar amount spent in this project is high, the hand on investment for this project is high by the third yr the product is forecasted to have a return of investments of $750,000. The product life of this project is forecasted to be 7 years. Because this product has not been used we would be the first company to launch the product to the market which would create an innovative style allowing our company to be the leader in the industry.The method I used to make this decision was utilizing the feasibility study. This method allows us to determine how beneficial or practical the Stargazer project would be to the organization. The four phases associated with the feasibility study are operational feasibility, technical feasibility, schedule feasibility and economic feasibility. The operational aspect informs whether the project is charge solving and evaluating for business usage. The technical feasibility allows us to evaluate if the proposed engine room is practical. Technology feasibility also informs us if we currently possess the necessary technology to implement the project. The schedule feasibility informs us if the projectdeadlines are reasonable, which they are. The economic feasibility informs of our bene fits tangible or intangible benefits. The key deliverables for the project are not just the clients but also the external stakeholders. The break-even analysis is a financial analysis tool that determines if the project needs to be justified in hurt of cost not the benefits. This is why this tool was not utilized in the decision for the Stargazer project.Based on the break-even analysis for the Juniper project it essentially shows the company will not, or barely break-even, during the life cycle of the production due to technology advancements causing this product line to become obsolete after three years. It has a cost of $325,000 and ROI only producing $250,000 for the two to three years of production with the third year being the end of life for this product. If the company chooses the Palomino project it will also have a hard time breaking-even and producing revenue streams over the life-time of the production with a 5% margin of error with the seventh year being the end of li fe for the product.The strength of the economy plays a large determining factor in this forecast due to 5% differential in the life cycle of this product. Palomino will cost $655,000 with the ROI being $450,000 over a five year period with that 5%, plus or minus, margin of error. dough would then start to be recognized in the sixth and seventh year of the life cycle which is way too long. Each of the five phases of the project management was evaluated in order to reach the best decision. Initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling and closing were the primary outline for the decision. Project management requires processes to be done at each of these levels in a detailed step. These steps outline the idea into a general flow for the best project.

Mixture Lab Write Up

Separation of a Salt, Sand, and Water Mixture Jamie Schurz and Austin Hoggard Date experiment was performed September 6 and September 7 Introduction Purpose The purpose of the experiment was to use various lab equipment and lab techniques to separate a mixture of flavour, sand, and pissing. Background An chemical element is the simplest form of a substance that retains the properties of that substance. A compound is a substance formed by combining two or more elements set in fixed proportions. A mixture is a system of two or more distinct chemical substances. Unlike compounds, mixtures can be physically combined.Because the components be physically combined, they can also be separated using physical properties. Physical properties are properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter. In this lab, a mixture of sodium chloride and sand will be separated using the listed equipment and separation techniques. Hypothesis If a mixture of sand (3. 3g), coarseness (1. 2g), and body of water is separated using filtration and boiling point, then most of the sand and salt will be recovered. Safety Information During the experiment, appropriate safety wear should be worn at all times such as goggles and an apron (to prevent salt or hot water from entering the eye).Beaker pair of tongs should be used to remove the heater beaker from the appropriate heating fixture and then it should be carefully transported onto the designated press fiber pad to cool. Materials and Methods * * Graduated piston chamber * Small beaker (100 mL) * Large beaker (600 mL) * earnest plate * Small ring * Funnel * Filter paper * Glass stir rod with rubber policeman * Hot mitts * Beaker tongs * Pressed fiber pad * Weigh boat * Electronic balance * Scoops * Salt and sand sample * water Experimental Procedure 1. nonplus on appropriate safety wear. 2. Begin this experiment with 47 mL of water, 1. 2 g of salt, and 3. g of sand. * Use the 100 graduated cylinder to recuperate the 47 mL of water, reading from the meniscus. * Put the weigh boat onto the electronic balance and zero it out, then slowly add the salt until you have 1. 2 grams of it. Do the same for the sand. * Also potbelly the large of the two beakers 3. Combine the 1. 2g of salt and 47 mL of water into the 100 mL beaker and stir until the salt is dissolved 4. Add the sand and wait until it settles onto the bottom of the beaker. 5. Mass the filter paper and then fold it into a small cone. Wet sides before placing into displace that is inside a ring stand.Place larger beaker underneath funnel. 6. Slowly pour sand and salt mixture through filter paper. Let the sand dry. 7. transport large beaker with salt and water and place on top of a hot plate. Set hot plate onto its highest setting and let boil. 8. Once salt starts popping lower temperature on hot plate. When most of the water has evaporated remove from hot plate using beaker tongs and let rest on pressed fiber pad. 9. Turn hot plate off. 10. Mass out recovered sand and salt. Results Raw Data object Mass (g) starting mass of salt 1. 2g Starting mass of sand 3. 3gDry filter paper 0. 7g Larger of the 2 beakers 103. 1g aggregate mass of beaker/salt (after) 105. 3g Mass of recovered salt 2. 2g Total mass of filter paper/sand (after) 4. 1g Mass of recovered sand 3. 4g Important results * The mass of recovered salt was 2. 2g * The mass of recovered sand was 3. 4g * The share error for the mass of recovered salt was 83% error * The percent error for the mass of the recovered sand was 3% * The percent yield for the mass of the recovered salt was 183% * The percent yield for the mass of the recovered sand was 103% CalculationsDiscussion Expected results v. Actual results In the experiment, the mass of the salt recovered was larger than the mass of the amount of salt that was started out with. This may be due to the tap water that was used not being pure or that well-nigh sand was small enough to not be filtered out. Analyze ex perimental error During the experiment, instead of measuring the water out to exactly 47mL, around 60 mL of water was used. This could have caused there to be extra water during the final measurement.There was not enough time to boil off the extra water this was done by another person later without either partner in the group supervising. Also, when looking for the sand sample the next day, it was missing so another groups sand data was massed instead Improvements Having a longer time to conduct the experiment might have changed the data. Instead of go forth the sand sample in the open on a table to all classes, it may have been better for them to be separated more. Results in impairment of the purpose The goal was to get most of the salt and sand back through filtration and evaporation.Most of the sand was recovered however there was a great behave of added mass to the salt (around 1g). The goal was met as far as data is concerned. Conclusion The goal of the experiment was to se e if using boing point and filtration could recover closely to the same amount of salt and sand put together in a mixture. The experiment revealed a percent yield of 183% for salt and 103% for sand, which does support the conjecture that using those two techniques, about the same amount of salt and sand would be recovered.

Diesel Business Plan

BUSINESS PLAN ASSIGNMENT Creating your own brand jeans We be going to hive away a subscriber line whither we with the help of recognized jeans brands all all over the world leave behind give ordinary people a chance of creating their own yoke of jeans, but still primary(prenominal)taining the quality and the status that the specific brand maintain for their customers. We leave basically be a jeans selling store but with a niche that we introduce our customers to custom cultivate jeans instead of the regular aces. We will use the existing bran with its cut, bootleg and design but we will give our customers the chance to choose some of the details themselves.For people who for example unavoid fittingness to deliver a let tabu on jeans which dont have each wear from the original reseller we offer the possibility that at an expert level giving a pair of jeans the wear that the customer wants. Also we will be commensurate to give the jeans another wash if the customer is interested in a light tone of the fabric but in that respect isnt any for sale from the Label/Brand/maker. If someone wants to have any other color or size on the main buttons we atomic number 18 able to provide that, if one wants any other kind of back pockets we are also able to provide that.Someone might want some additional motives or fabrics on their jeans. We will always try to be as flexible as possible and serve our clients in any way that we best tail assembly. Why acidify with Diesel We have chosen to pee-pee with the brand Diesel, because of many factors. We will work with an established brand that has a solid customer brute here in Sweden. Regarding to the survey done by ISI Wissing, Diesel is the anatomy 3 popular jeans brand in Sweden, also it qualifies for the 3rd place when it comes to customer satisfaction.When it comes to development the brand, regarding this survey, it ends on 4th place. And that for us shows that there are opportunities to take this eve n further. Also there is a mentality among younger people that they are loving to the Diesel brand. One of the reasons why, are their outstanding and peculiar commercials. They try to show the brand as very attractive and cool and also with all their variant yields they want to make a valid point that Diesel is something else then all the other brands. Its more attractive and aggressive and its there for the people who know what they want.One of their later commercial campaign are the Be Stupid commercial where they extension their c dole outhes and products to specific people that want to be something else. An example of their commercial is the following quotes refreshed may have the brains, but stupid has the balls. , Stupid might fail. Smart doesnt even try. , Smart may have the answers, but stupid has all the interesting questions, Smart has the plans, stupid has the stories. So these are examples that they really try to have their own onslaught and make something amusing a nd attractive to their customer base.And we think this is one of the things that make Diesel stand out and be an attractive and popular brand to work with. (Willebrand, P, 2007), (Habitat. se, 2009) This type of product we offer is focused on a relatively young, between 18 and 35 years as a textile style, young, dynamic, fantastic and with character. Our tar score is to focus sales in a single product with its own identity, a trend and a reference in the textile market, develop products for a demanding consumer sector, where each product can be distinguished from the rest.This product is so expensive, its focused on one type of consumer with a senior high economic level, but that is why our service is striking, since it is an affordable way to get what the customer as to the characteristics mentioned, lifeing at the market. We dont think that the ingredient with low paying jobs will be that particular interested in our business because we think it will be too a lot money for them to drop on clothes. So our business is rather directed to people who are at the average salary and more.Preferably we contract this customer base in bigger urban cities where there are enough to offer for people being interested in specific branding clothes. What we can see a connection to might be an independent employee or an entrepreneur that already are going their own path and following their own lifestyle, not jump to any specific rules or dress code at their jobs. We also think that people with a specific identity can benefit from this of business venture, if you work at some place where you have a dress code that is suits or jackets for example, you are not able to wear your average muddied jeans, but you still might be a jeans guy.We then offer the possibility to change the color on your jeans to make them look as much as suit pants as possible and so they not stand out and look really different and inappropriate from what expected. An attractive base product Our s ervice is not unique since there are companies like Indicustom and Somconceptshop that gives the followumer the chance to customize their own jeans. But our service offers the customer a new feature in the market of customizing jeans. We want to use an attractive base product and let the customer ad hominemize it.We looked at the other companies that were operating(a) in the same market as us. We understood that we requiremented to concentrate on points of difference the benefits that set our product apart from the competition. Such points of differentiation are, in many cases, what consumers remember about a product. No one of the existing companies that we studied used brand/labeled jeans as the product that you could personalize. So we survey that if we use a well-known brand like Diesel as a base product that the customers could customize the way they personally want them to look but still have the quality that Diesel provides.It would unquestioningly set our product apart f rom the competition. About Diesel Diesel is an international brand, pre move on the clothing perseverance market in over 80 seeries with 5500 points of sale, throughout all 5 continents. In full terms of projected-in the population interested in get clothes and brand accessories is more and more important thats why the companies of the clothing industry have to offer varied products to boost their sells and their fame. The brand sells close to 3000 products from the basic pair of jeans, to the bags, belts and the house furniture.Diesel also owns 200 companies and having partnership with 100 local anesthetic distributors, such as LOreal, Ford or Adidas. The main goal is to be everywhere geographically, in different strategic areas, expanding, in that way, their international presence. Concerning the sales and profits, the company realized a revenue of 1,2 billions en 2008, 80 millions in France. But even with these good results the revenue global of the group doesnt really know a huge growth and on the reverse decrease of 3. 5% in 2009, whereas there was a rise of 3% in 2008.Then, even if the company has a healthy monetary position as its campaigns, its results and its growth shows there is no extra revenue since 5 years. Thats why we decided to create this personalize service. (Pavarini, M, 2010) Tailored e-commerce in Sweden Tailored e-commerce is on the rise if you ask the CEO of Tailor store. He expects an annual growth of 30 percent because the distance trade is on the rise and growing blistering than the regular store trade. Tailor livestock had a sales report of 40 million last year and reported a profit of 5 million after net financial items.He thinks the reason of the success is because consumers have benefited greatly by including the ability to investigate and compare the products of a larger roam of products and services that can be purchased at any time and from anywhere and a greater opportunity to get more customized products to satisfy personal needs. And e-commerce is getting popular in the hale of Sweden 28 billion in turnover was from distance trade, e-commerce and mail order, in 2010. If you look at the numbers you can see that it has been a doubling in sales in the last five years and today it represents 4. percent of the total retail sales. (Melkersson, E, 2011) Competitors When we look at the biggest competitors its hard to say who will be the biggest competitor for our business. Obviously every brand will be a competitor since we will precisely work with Diesel, also other stores who sell Jeans will also be a competitor to us and in Sweden especially Brothers & Sisters, JC and H&M are big competitors. Also companies who sell other brand that are big will be a competitor for us, such as resellers for Lee who is number one in Sweden and Levis which is number two.But if we focus specifically on our distinction from the other resellers, the custom made part, we think that companies like Tailor Store will be a big competitor for us. A company that already made themselves a name on the market of custom made clothes, even though they are not only limited to specific brands. If we look in to the sector with custom made clothes a lot of them are not resellers and dealing with bigger worldwide brands. Its often some smaller brand which they import and give people the opportunity to make changes to.Here is where we have a problem identifying any specific company that are selling luxury brand jeans, designer jeans, with the opportunity for the customer to have the jeans custom made after their wishes. If we look at the jeans market here in Sweden it has suffered from a little fallback. About 15 million pair of jeans is sell in Sweden every year. And the competition from companies like H&M, Kappahl and Lindex are getting bigger at the cost of specialized jeans resellers revenue. (Willebrand, P, 2007), (Habitat. se, 2009) External Factors modify A noteThere are a couple of external factors we are looking into when it comes to how they can affect our business 1. GENERAL ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY CONDITIONS Any general economic, business or industry conditions that cause customers or potential customers to reduce or delay their investments in the jeans industry could have a negative import on the companys strength and profitability. Currently, the world economic conditions had a bad and considerable impact on every commercial fields of the society, and the jeans industry couldnt escape from that either.Trying to launch this custom made project can be profitable for us, of course, but with that we will also try to help in a way the Diesel company. 2. COMPETITION The jeans industry is highly competitive. The intense competition inherent in the industry could result in the divergence of customers or pricing pressures. 3. LOCAL ACTIVITIES The companys future growth rates and success are in-part dependent on continued growth and success in local market at first, as well try to o pen the custom made project worldwide after studying the results in Sweden. (Essays. cc, u. d. ).The Swedish economy emerged from the financial crisis as one of the strongest in Europe. A high-tech local economy and a comprehensive system of welfare benefits allow Sweden to enjoy one of the highest standards of sustainment in the world. Sweden has one of the most globalized and competitive economies today. GDP is expected to increase by 4% in 2010 and by 3. 7% in 2011. The welfare has been able to be maintained because of the high tax levels, even if they recently have begun to decrease. Also, concerning government regulations, Swedens economic freedom score is 71. it appears that the overall regulatory and levelheaded environment, transparent and efficient, encourages robust entrepreneurial activity. (Traveldocs. com, u. d. ). 4. SOCIAL FACTORS The profit margins realized by the company vary somewhat among its products and its customer business units. Like we said earlier this custom made opportunity that we are going to submit to Diesel is a product to a narrow customers base (18-35 years), and they maybe dont have the possibility to pay this kind of services. Thats why we are trying to make an arrangement with a company like Diesel who stick around affordable. . TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES AND PRODUCT TRANSITIONS The jeans industry is characterized by continuing improvements in fashion and design which result in frequent introduction of new products, short product life cycles and continual improvement in product price/design characteristics. 6. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT/SUPPLIES The companys ability to manage its inventory has been enhanced by approbatory supply conditions in the industry. The companys manufacturing mold requires a high volume of quality components that are procured from third party suppliers.The six external factors highlighted in this paper are identified as primary factors in this industry (Essays. cc, u. d. ) Enterprise resource planning an d organization First of all we have to have our wholesale to taint the jeans from, we obviously by our jeans from a supplier since its a specific brand that we will be using. We need a workstation where we do our tweaks on the jeans, since we will do the tailoring in-house and not outsourced. Meaning we will have a department changing buttons, sawing on new pockets on the back of the jeans, wearing them and lavation them.We will buy the raw jeans models from Diesel and all the tailoring we do will be done in-house. This way we get a overview over the whole process and we will be able to overlook it and see what works and what does not to be able to make changes and develop our working process and expand. In long term we possibly would like our tailoring to be outsourced as well but then we have to get a lot of bigger volumes and sales. Our company needs to be of a local medium proportion, after asking prices we have chosen an office in the center of Linkoping, over 90m2 storage warehouse 100m2.The rental price 1000 per month. Costs of production / initiation of the company Machines and information processing system products Manufacturer Units Euros Sewing Machine 2 1000 Washing motorcar 1 1000 Mac Pro Apple 1 1200 Jet color laser multifunctional printer Hp 2 750 Textil Studio 8 Macromedia 1 480 Quark Xpress 6. 1 Passport Diseno Quark 1 2. 200 Norton Internet Security 2007 Antivirus Symantec 1 60 Total 6. 990 Furniture Product manufacturer Units Euros Computer table ERISTER IKEA 4 520 Chair STEFANO IKEA 4 320 shelf FJUS IKEA 4 400Chairs IKEA 4 80 filings IKEA 4 180 Ceiling fluorescent bars IKEA 6 180 Total 1. 680 Total computer equipment and furniture company Computer equipment 6. 990 Furniture company 1. 680 Total 8. 670 Telephone rental and adsl Local callsADSL Internet 10MG 40Per month Production process of our company First Phase In the first instance, we take care of developing the product design, according to the specifications and style t hat the customer provided to us. We need the measurements of the client to make the program design Textile Studio 8.Second Phase Then perform the design by computer program, the design is sent to our textile machinery in the warehouse where the design is recreated in the pants, is embroidered, sewn and glued, additional accessories or tweaks that you must do the product. Third Phase. In third phase, the products pass an exhaustive examination of tissue and finishes, in order to verify that the product is done with the selected design and has no damage. Distribution Our field is nationwide, with an eye to expanding our international infrastructure over the medium term.As our company turnover grow fence on the market performance will be broader. The distribution is provided by our company is an outsourced process by which we have a freight agreement with the company MRW light which provides an optimum distribution at a reasonable price, short and medium term by increasing our relatio nships grow if our trade with other countries. The cost of distribution affects the final price, so that the customer pays, revenue is recorded in the product itself. selling (advertising)In the field of marketing, the company will open a website with a catalog of examples, price list, contact, and an application through which you can perform orders. We have approximation hiring advertising space in newspapers to national newspapers, the expenses are high, we will follow up weekly to see the number of people responding to advertising, if it is positive we will find these services. Also we will do advertising in social networks, starting a group of our company, our website advertising, adding to people that this profile for potential buyers to our profile social. So as included in online media websites such as www. undoanuncio. com. Regarding marketing we will also try to use SEO(Search engine optimization) as much as possible to get more hits when our possible customer base browse the web and search for companies that does custom made clothes. Implementation Plan We need to contact Diesel / a Wholesale to be able to secure our purchases of the Jeans. We need to establish a workplace where we change the Jeans into the customers wishes. Since our main sales channel will be via the internet we need to establish a homepage with the possibility to tailor your jeans and also a web store on the homepage so our customers can buy the jeans they want.We have to get some it-system that will be able to trace our orders and the specific changes the customer wants so we can make them and then ship them out to our customer. Activity COMPLETED OR UNDERTAKEN in RELEVANT Quarter OF 2011-12 Development Finding investor interested in investing in the business. 2011 Q1 Attaining the site for thebusiness and making any needed physical developments 2011Q1- Q2 Proof-of-concept development. Need to develop a prototype for the investors to see. 2011Q1- Q4 Marketing Choose our tar get market, the group of customers we want to target 2011 Q3 Plan how to reach and address your customers, with specific measures coveringproduct design, pricing, distribution and communication 2011 Q3 Q4 Promote the service to potential investors and buyers. 2011 Q42012 Q2 Management Recruit personal for the development of the service. 2011Q1- Q4 Training of personnel 2011Q1 Q3 Forming a team 2011 Q32012 Q2 fiscal plan First of all our initial cost for our company is the cost for starting it up and register it as a incorporated company and for that cost we calculate 7000 euro.Next up is our warehouse and office with its equipment needed. For the first month we need the capital for investing in our equipment that we estimate to 8700 euro. aft(prenominal) that we will have cost for our rent and staff, also for our purchases and a onetime fee to our web developer and a cost for every time we need to modify our website. We estimate that the web developers onetime charge wou ld be about 10000 euro. Our rent will be 1000 euro with a down payment for 3 months. Also we have a OTC for the officer and warehouse for 500 euro.That would mean that our total initial cost would be 29200 and we count with a big miscalculation so we would say 30000 as initial cost. Our monthly cost will be Rent 1000 Telecome 40 Salary 3000 for 1. 5 fulltime employee Utilities 500 Distribution 500 Raw Material 50/jeans +5-15depending on what customer choos to add to the jeans Promotion 2000 Other expenses 400 That would be a total of 7500 in monthly expenses but also a additional part depending on how many jeans we manufacture gross sales forecast We think that we can start with selling 75 pair of jeans the first month, meaning 2,5 jeans per day.And then we count with an increase of 10 % per month. Our price range on the jeans will be 120 200 and we have counted with an average price on 140 per pair of jeans We count with an increase in sales as soon as our website is up a nd running and getting some regular visitors and that they spread the word. Also it will take some time for our promotional material and marketing to get effective What we would like to offer our investors are 20% of the shares in our company for the price of 15000 , the rest we would make up as a loan from the bank with a low mortgage and try to pay only the interest.Bibliography Melkersson, Erik (01-04-2011). Skraddarsydd e-handel pa frammarsch, www. hd. se. Avaible at http//hd. se/ekonomi/2011/04/02/skraddarsydd-e-handel-pa/ 13-10-2011 Willebrand, Peter (16-08-2007). Jeansjattarna haller greppet om svenskarna, www. resume. se. Avaible at http//www. resume. se/nyheter/2007/08/16/jeansjattarna-haller-grepp/index. xml 10-10-2011 Habit. se (17-12-2009). Jeansmarknaden tappar fart, Habit. se. Avaible at http//www. habit. se/iuware. aspx? pageid=1780&ssoid=11250412-10-2011 Pavarini, Maria (07-05-2010).DIESEL NAMES NEW CEO, RESTRUCTURES ONLY THE BRAVE, www. sportswearnet. com. Avaible at http//www. sportswearnet. com/businessnews/pages/protected/DIESEL-? NAMES-? NEW-? CEO-? RESTRUCTURES-? ONLY-? THE-? BRAVE_2503. html 12-10-2011 Essays. cc (u. d). External Factors Affecting A Business, www. essays. cc. Avaible at http//www. essays. cc/free_essays/b2/utv218. shtml 09-10-2011 Traveldocs. com (u. d). The Swedish economy, www. traveldocs. com. Avaible at http//www. essays. cc/free_essays/b2/utv218. shtm 07-10-2011

McCarthyism and Its Effect on the Cold War

The Cold War is categorized by intercontinental associations during the time of atomic number 63s innovations. The long lasting effects and extensive lasting supporters still hold strong for Europe. The Cold War came ab come out of the closet by semipublic speculations and pressures in Europe at the close of World War II and by collective control quarrels amid the Soviet Union. Financial parting among the Soviets and the west also amplified pressures, along with the risk of nuclear war. The Soviet Unions main conflict was the enormous philosophical differences with the west.The Soviets exploited on socialism and believed capitalist economy to be corrupt and a menace to the working class. The soviets rejected collaboration among themselves and industrialist countries ideologically. A wide-ranging amount of differences in the beliefs helped widen the gap between the westmost and the Soviets. The Soviets having control over Eastern Europe is also another cause of the Cold War. This al erted the United States with the growth of communism in European countries. The United States mystify up the Marshall Plan.Could Cold War Have Been Avoided?The Marshall Plan was a cost-effective sustenance package funded by the United States. The relief notes was spread throughout the war torn democratic countries to help rebuild their economy. However, no money went to the Soviet Union or any of their allies. Then out of nowhere someone made an accusation and brought about McCarthyism. McCarthyism is the invention of the anti-communist regime that arose around the early Cold War years. The Cold War renovated American politics in a way that exposed communism as a central part of policy-making smell.McCarthyism was believed to be an absurd reaction to the rise of the temporal state and the total association was resentments produced by status concern. Senator Joseph McCarthys action brought forth McCarthyism and the notion of Anti-Communism. This paper will deliberate the differ ence among McCarthyism and Anti-Communism and how the media made it public business. Further issues debated will be that of the take on American foreign policy resolutions and the impact created by anti-communism and how it altered Americans lives associated with the ablaze(p) Scare.The Cold War was a historical affair that offered tension and stern conflicts throughout the World. The key funders in the Cold War occurred between the United States and its supporters, disputed by Russia and the countries allied with that country. The Democrats and Republicans fought among each(prenominal) other to validate who opposed communism the greatest which produce anti-communism during the late 1940s and early 1950s. McCarthyism originated from the actions of U. S. Senator Joseph McCarthy and lasted around 10 years.Senator McCarthy accused many Americans of being communists or communist supporters who were unfaithful to their country due to their political beliefs. His actions combined with t he communist growth and the Korean War conveyed on fears that led to a new Red Scare. McCarthy played on the uncertainties of the people to obtain a higher political standing within the United States Senate. The Democrats and Republicans fought amongst each other to prove who opposed communism the most which produce anti-communism during the late 1940s and early 1950s.McCarthyism originated from the actions of U. S. Senator Joseph McCarthy and lasted around 10 years. Senator McCarthy accused many Americans of being communists or communist sympathizers who were disloyal to their country because of their political beliefs. His actions combined with the communist expansion and Korean War brought on fears that led to a new Red Scare. McCarthy played on the fears of the people to obtain a higher political standing within the United States Senate.During the early 50s the senator made a name for himself, but one could say was it the surmount name. Senator McCarthy exposed all types of peo ple he accused politics workers, playwrights, actors and Jews along with anyone else he assumed people would believe were communist. This witch hunt made life for many who were not communist almost im practical to endure. The Government and Hollywood were hunted and ran out of town first. Many actresses, actors, and playwrights moved to Europe and Mexico to elude the accusations and possible jail sentences.Some of the most popular actresses and actors of these times Humphrey Bogat, Lauren Bacall, and Danny Kaye organized a group called the Committee for the First Amendment. This group organized to protest the pointing of the finger from government at their business. Along with the publicity of many newspaper and news cast posted throughout this news created an era of chaos and uncertainness for America. When the witch hunts in the end ceased it took a great deal of time to move past these accusations. But move forward they did and life eventually regained control and moves along w ith much success.References discipline Archives and Record Administration. (n. d. ). Marshall Plan. Retrieved from http//www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/marshall_plan/ New World Encyclopedia. (n. d. ). McCarthyism. Retrieved from http//National Archievs and Record Administration. (n. d. ). Marshall Plan. Retrieved from http//www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/marshall_plan

The Impact of Branding Strategies of New Luxury Brands on Nigerian Young Customers: A Study of Tiffany Amber

Executive SummaryThe global demeanor exertion is a super evolving market with diverse needs and innumerous wants. While the tastes of consumers may differ, the objective lens of the highlife contrive blur industry is to concord brands with feelings of prestige, importance, status, and grandeur for tailoreders. While the western contrive industry is highly articulateed, the Nigerian vogue industry is slowly progressing into prominence as novel bounteous Nigerian consumers begin to appreciate capital of Turkey fabric. However, these newborn affluent Nigerians ar resemblingly highly comfort fitted with article of clothing westernmostern labels, which makes it highly important for Nigerian invent brands to appropriately brand their product lines to appeal to young Nigerian customers.This study focuses upon the impact of mark strategies of highlife direction brands in Nigeria upon young consumers and aims to discuss the various stigmatization strategies used an d their effectiveness. The study aims to apply special emphasis upon the brand Tiffany and Amber which is known for its unique(p)ness and use of luxuriant fabric and vibrant colors. With the use of a closed-ended questionnaire, the study is designed to be both qualitative and quantitative in nature as it lead contact 60 Tiffany and Amber customers through email for their opinion regarding the brand prominence and branding strategies employed by Tiffany and Amber and their effectiveness. The study volition conclude by providing recommendations according to the info obtained.Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 IntroductionFashion is an evolving term which may devour a different context in each burnish and may be redefined frequently. It is likewise a concept which may be defined differently by each individual and may be used as a source of expressing his/her personality. Hence, the fashion industry has a wide scope all over the world and is filtrated by numerous designers attempting to stumble their market share by becoming the favorite of the fashion conscious (Okonkwo, 2009a).While fashion trends evolve and the tastes of various besidest markets differ, designers and brands have used percentage point branding strategies in revise to increase their appeal to consumers and influence them into purchasing their products and wearing their styles (Ahmad, 2011). As different designers target separate target markets, the fashion industry is dispersed according to consumer characteristics which include gender, age group, socio-economic clan, occupation, and the type of clothing needed amongst innumerous other(a) characteristics(Okonkwo, 2007b). Accordingly, as the world has fashion hubs which are countries or cities which push and spread fashion, much(prenominal) as Paris, the West tin be considered the global hub for the remaining world as most successful designers attempt to influence the Western fashion market to cod recognition. While Nigerian or Afric an fashion was non highly adult in the West previously, Nigerian designers have gained recognition and formed their own sumptuosity brands (Okonkwo, 2009a).This harangue will seek to explore the branding strategies of Nigerian extravagance brands, specifically Tiffany Amber, in context of socio-economic class, magnitude of fashion, age group, and other relevant factors which influence the branding strategy of a luxury brand. Accordingly this proposal will initiate with an explanation of the background of the study and the company Tiffany Amber and continue by stating the rationale for the study, research objectives/aims, and the research questions. The next chapter in the proposal will contain a brief publications review covering some of the main points in the literature concerning branding strategies of fashion luxury brands and summarizing the points that the dissertation will seek to explore. The proposal will commence with describing the research design and methodol ogy including methods of selective information collection and data analysis and conclude with a short summary of all the relevant crucial points in the proposal.1.2 BackgroundFashion is non a necessity but is commonly a luxury exploited by and available to consumers who are willing to leverage stylish clothes and have the resources to do so. adept of the largest groups of consumers who are influenced by fashion are the young generation or young consumers and this peculiar(prenominal) target market is also known to spend the most upon purchasing fashionable clothing. Accordingly, designers of luxury brands incorporate different branding strategies within their merchandising plan in order to increase their influence upon young consumers (Kotler, 1988).This study peculiar(a)ly focuses upon studying the impact of branding strategies of refreshing luxury brands upon young Nigerian consumers belonging to the upper-middle class and those who have the resources to afford luxury cloth ing and have access to luxury fashion brands. The study will discuss their fashion choices with relation to luxury and non-luxury brands and their reasons for choosing fashionable clothing such as maintaining an cast, looking young, and price and status amongst other factors.Society has always classified individuals according to a number of characteristics and accordingly effrontery them labels such as frontrunners and followers, powerful and weak, elite and poor, and many an(prenominal) other universal social categorizations (Kotler, 1988). Thus, individuals are then classified according to factors such as treasure, prestige, capability, education, profession, and as yet place of residence. These separate factors together form the classification of socio-economic class which is one of the most important consumer characteristics in luxury fashion clothing Tynan et al, 2010).Accordingly, African luxury fashion brands are seeking to make their impact upon the Western fashion marke t by adopting various branding strategies to appeal to the affluent y issueh. While the ontogeny of African fashion has previously been slow, African fashion brands are gradually entering the Western fashion market featuring Nigerian designers in the lead (Jennings & Ude, 2011). send offers such as Deola Sagoe, Violet Hecksher, and Adebayo Jones have all made their mark as high-end fashion brands which provide and design clothes in the categories ofhaute dressmaking, avante garde, and bridal fashion clothing. They invoke commendable work in their own design fields and clearly communicate their brand image in their collections and customer service, make uping concepts such as reliability, custom fitting, vibrance, entertainment, and comfort (Chavelier & Mozzalovo, 2008). However, Deola Sagoe exceeds the limitations of other Nigerian fashion designers and features a highly innovative high-end fashion line which is not seen elsewhere within the realms of Nigerian fashion. Thus, it is evident that Nigerian fashion has been thriving for some time and has made commendable progress in the last five years. Previously, Nigerian designs such as Ankara were not used daily and Nigerian designers were not paid much regard. However, now consumers under the age of 40 have begun to appreciate the beauty of Ankara and regularly wear garments designed by Nigerian designers. Designers have currently become proud of the acres-of- telephone line of their products and often promote this feeling of patriotism by labeling clothes with emblems verbal expression Proudly Nigerian (Keller & Lehmann, 2006).Due to the new popularity of Ankara fabric and the skills of fashion designers, the Nigerian fashion industry has currently taken a whole new path and is on the road to success, putting Nigerian fashion designers in a better position to target the youth and develop appropriate branding strategies to promote their luxury brands. This dissertation seeks to explore these branding st rategies, specifically those employed by the luxury fashion brand, Tiffany Amber (Wilcox et al, 2009).1.3 Company BackgroundThe brand, Tiffany Amber, was incorporated in the fall of 1998 by the brands owner and founder, Folake Folarin Cokar, who lived most of her youth in Europe exploring various fashion trends and fashion philosophy in order to later transmit her fashion sense and passion in her new brand. Unlike other Nigerian luxury brands, Tiffany Amber is specifically designed to grounds the modern African woman and offers a unique blend of traditional African design with an international aesthetic which is part of the brands unique selling proposition. The brand is also widely known for its ultra feminine cuts and pieces created with the most luxuriant fabric and specific emphasis to detail.Unlike other African fashion designers, Tiffany Amber has successfully made a mark in the global fashion market while winning numerous awards and featuring its designs at the brand-new Yo rk Fashion Week. The brands success can be attributed to a number of things which may include the brands specific emphasis to detail and femininity or the brands branding strategy of featuring itself under a foreign brand detect rather than a local Nigerian brand name (Anheir & Isar, 2008).1.4 Rationale for the StudyWhile Western fashion and the fashion industries of other countries are well-developed, Nigerian fashion is a newly emerging concept and a newly prosperous industry. Thus, while all major fashion brands indulge in strategized marketing and promotion of their brands, there is little cleverness into how Nigerian luxury fashion brands adopt branding strategies to make consumers more(prenominal) aware of their brand and increase their prominence. Moreover, while the youth are highly grateful of Nigerian fashion in Nigeria, there is a need to understand whether Nigerian designers are effectively targeting the youth and increasing the prominence of their fashion brands or whether there is need for improvement in their branding/marketing strategies (Cayla & Arnold, 2008).While this would not have been an issue previously, with the current success of Nigerian fashion and its lancinating prominence in the Western fashion market, it is innate to study whether Nigerian luxury fashion brands such as Tiffany Amber are effectively victimization branding as a source to increase consumer awareness (Ahmad, 2011). If branding strategies and marketing plans are not coordinated and presented effectively, it may affect the success and toleration of Nigerian fashion amongst young consumers. This was not previously a highly researched topic as the Nigerian fashion industry was not highly prominent and was not pass watern due regard, hence there is little insight into this area of research (Shukla, 2011).This study can shed light upon whether the Nigerian luxury fashion market is effectively using branding strategies to gain prominence amongst young consumers and whether young consumers are aware of various Nigerian brands. It can also shed light upon the different types of branding strategies used in the Nigerian fashion industry and how these can be improved to exploit the opportunities available for Nigerian fashion amongst young consumers, if they are not currently being used at optimum level (Phau & Prendergast, 2000).1.5 Research AimsPrinciple Research Aim Exploring the deepness of Nigerian fashion culture and the use of branding strategies by luxury brands to gain prominence amongst young consumers.Research ObjectivesAims to critically analyze and explore fashion culture in Nigeria as well as the contemporary fashion industry Aims to critically analyze the development and success of luxury fashion brands in Nigeria and their strategy of targeting young consumers Aims to explore brand awareness of luxury fashion brands amongst young consumers in Nigeria Aims to critically analyze and explore the branding strategies of luxury fashion brands in Nigeria Aims to explore the branding strategy employed by Tiffany Amber and effectively make recommendations for improvement in light of the information gathered in the studyResearch Questions uncreated Research Question What types of branding strategies are used by Nigerian luxury fashion brands and are they effectively targeting and increasing brand prominence amongst young consumers?Subsidiary Research QuestionsWhat does fashion culture in Nigeria represent Are young consumers aware of various luxury fashion brands in Nigeria What branding strategies are being used by Tiffany Amber and how can they be improved to increase the brands acceptance by young consumers1.6HypothesisH0 young Nigerian customers are not aware of brand prominence of luxury fashion brands.H1 young Nigerian customers are aware of brand prominence of luxury fashion brands Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Concept of BrandingA brand name is a source of recognition for a product range which gives it a cl ear-cut identity and differentiates it from the products of competitors. If it were not for the concept of branding, it would not be possible for fashion designers to gain recognition in the industry and set themselves apart from their counterparts offering similar clothing and styles. A brand name represents a number of concepts and is a source of equity for a business which adds cheer to the business beyond the value of its material assets. Moreover, it is also a source of communication between the customer and the brand owner which gives off several cues to the customer regarding the product (Amankwah et al, 2012).A brand name is particularly important in the fashion industry and all luxury fashion brands are dependent upon the development of their brand name in order to add value to their brands. For example, Louis Vutton produces a leather handbag which is produced at a cost of approximately ?150 including the cost of overheads, but the bag is sell at a price of ?750 because o f its unique style, the brands equity, and the brand associations that arise in the minds of customers when purchasing the brand (Wissinger, 2009).The luxury fashion brands industry aims to associate feelings of prestige, importance, power, hi-fashion, and uniqueness within customers regarding the brands they purchase. Thus, the industrys main aim is to develop their brand name through branding strategies to represent concepts which are highly showy for affluent customers and influence them to pay a high price for their products while also frequently purchasing their products (Fillis & Remtschler, 2006). 2.2 Branding StrategiesIn order to promote their luxury fashion brands in the eyes of customers, brand owners and managers implement a number of branding strategies. The branding strategies include extending the brand life cycle, increasing brand prominence, creating a brand image and brand position in the market, using celebrity endorsements, and using a foreign brand name amongst other innumerous branding strategies (Atwal & Williams, 2009). legion(predicate) brands attempt to attract customers through constant innovation and offering completely new looks. Thus, this leaves customers guessing and at a stage of surprise as they are not sure of what to expect from the brand. While this strategy can significantly increase customer interest, it can also be harmful in the sense that it may cause brand confusion for customers and they may not be able to associate an appropriate image with the brand. Some brands attempt to increase their sales by increasing brand prominence and ensuring that customers are well aware of their brand. This may involve sponsoring events, featuring the brand in movies, advertisements, and basically ensuring the brand name is visible wherever possible (Ahmad, 2011). While this may be effective in ensuring that customers are well aware of the brand and it is at the top of their minds, but it may also cause customers to think that the bra nd has lost its uniqueness if the brand is made too prominent and is featured in the wrong places (Danziger, 2004).Many brand managers feel that their brand will sell itself if the correct brand image is projected and the brand is positioned appropriately. This is one of the most important branding strategies for luxury brands as this determines their identity in the market and how they are perceived by customers. high life fashion brands often prefer to create a brand image of uniqueness, importance, high status, and exquisite style. However, they may differ in the manner that they position themselves in the market as some brands may wish to position themselves as traditional brands while others may wish to project themselves as contemporary brands for example (Wilcox et al, 2009).Another very popular branding strategy for luxury fashion brands is using celebrity endorsements or hiring brand ambassadors which are well-known people who represent or use the brand in order to promote it to customers. This is usually considered an effective strategy in the case of luxury fashion brands as using celebrity endorsements often adds an aura of prestige and status to the brand (Keller & Lehmann, 2006). One of the popular branding strategies in brands originating from less developed countries is adopting a foreign brand name in order to give the brand a more Westernized image and possibly even hiding its country of origin. This is one of the strategies adopted by numerous Nigerian fashion designers, such as Tiffany Amber, and touches upon the next topic of the country of origin effect (Tynan et al , 2010). 2.3 Country of Origin EffectThe country of origin effect is seen within brands originating from different countries and how consumers perceive them based upon their country of origin. For example, it may be difficult for a Chinese fashion designer to name a global fashion brand under a Chinese name and then effectively compete with other fashion brands such as Zara, Marie Claire, and numerous others as Western consumers may not be able to completely relate to the brand. It may also be difficult for consumers to associate themselves with the brand or perceive it as a high smell brand. Hence, many brands originating from less developed countries are made to adopt a Western name in order to at times hide their country of origin or relate to customers more effectively. This practice is often seen in Nigerian brands and may be a cause for their recent success in the global market, including brands such as Tiffany and Amber. Accordingly, these brands give off specific psychological cues to customers (Cayla & Arnould, 2008).2.4 Psychological Effects of BrandingCustomers wearing branded products often choose to wear these brands because they give them psychological satisfaction more than for the specific quality or style they offer. For example, a consumer wearing a simple dress which is not branded may not feel as confident as a consumer wearing a dr ess with a specific emblem or logo on it (Okonkwo, 2007b). Moreover, brands give customers a sense of belonging and may give them the feeling that they belong to a specific group of people who use a particular product. Thus, many consumers feel that they are cool, stylish, of high status, rich, or fashionable because they are wearing a particular brand. Hence, consumers, specifically young consumers in the contemporary fashion market, feel that they are recognized through the brands they wear. The same situations holds true for Nigerian consumers (Danziger, 2004). 2.5 Nigerian Young ConsumersYoung Nigerian consumers are becoming increasingly affluent and have a substantial amount of discretionary income to spend upon fashion clothing. Moreover, with the increase in education and awareness, Nigerian consumers are increasingly becoming fashion conscious and feel highly comfortable wearing Western labels. However, with the current prominence of Nigerian fashion, some young consumers ar e beginning to wear Ankara fabric and appreciate Nigerian fashion (Kawamura, 2011).However, a lot of the young generation may not be explicitly aware of Nigerian fashion brands and thus may not be targeted properly. The Nigerian fashion industry is in danger of losing such individuals to the Western fashion industry if the correct branding strategies are not implemented and young consumers are not given the feelings of prestige, honor, status, and style while using the brand (Jennings & Ude, 2011). These concepts essential be explored in greater depth within the dissertation.Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 Research PhilosophyThe research conducted will be exploratory in nature as it seeks to wonder a topic which has previously not been explored in great depth. The study will be designed to be both qualitative and quantitative in nature as it will rely upon qualitative data in order to derive an outcome regarding the branding strategies employed by Tiffany and Amber and other lux ury brands and also use a quantitative questionnaire in order to derive an outcome regarding the perception of young Nigerian customers of Tiffany and Amber (Kawamura, 2011).3.2 Research DesignThe research will be designed in order to gain maximum in-depth information regarding the branding strategies of luxury brands and also provide a percentage point of control to eliminate interviewer/researcher bias and other problems associated with only qualitative research. Hence, the research design will depend upon both qualitative and quantitative data and both primary and secondary data. Primary data will be gathered through the means of a questionnaire conducted with Tiffany and Amber customers and secondary data will be collected for the literature review through online databases, journals, books, websites, magazines, and other sources (Berg, 2004).3.3 Research StrategyThe research process will begin with the collection of data for the literature review and critical analysis through online databases, journals, and other relevant sources after which a abstract framework will be formed against which the new data collected is to be analyzed.According to the findings in the literature review, a comprehensive questionnaire will be dispersed to 60 Tiffany Amber young customers (under the age of 40) to gain their opinion regarding their knowledge and association with the Tiffany Amber brand. The data will then be analyzed and compared to the results obtained in the literature review in order to make at a conclusion (Berg, 2004).3.4 Data Collection MethodThe most appropriate data collection method for this study would be to first gain explicit permission from Tiffany and Amber to contact their customers regarding the study and get a list of email addresses of approximately 60-80 young customers from their database.As some customers may not be willing to participate in the study, approximately 80 customers will be sent questionnaires through email out of which 60 resp onses will be used for the purpose of the study. The method of email will be used to promote convenience and promptness of responses (Patton, 1990).3.5 Data AnalysisAs the questionnaire will be closed-ended, the data obtained from the questionnaire will be analyzed through the use of statistical software such as SPSS. This software is chosen for its appropriateness and accuracy in analyzing such data. The data involving single variables will be presented in the form of bar and pie charts and frequency tables. The data involving two or more variables will be presented in the form of statistical correlation analysis.3.6 Quality of ResearchThe research needs to ensure validity and reliability and in order to increase the quality of research, it is essential to ensure that the information is interpreted without interviewer bias/respondent bias. Questions should be designed to ensure that they are not loaded or leading questions and recruit a level of interest within the respondent in order to avoid dishonest responses due to boredom (Patton, 1990).3.7 Ethical ConsiderationsThere may be a few ethical considerations that must(prenominal) be made when conducting the study which include the situation in which Tiffany Amber may be reluctant to pronounce of or disclose its branding strategies. Moreover, customers may also be reserved of answering personal questions for fear of misappropriation. In order to reduce the influence of these issues, respondents must be guaranteed anonymity and the researcher must ensure that he/she informs the respondents that he/she is not directly associated with Tiffany and Amber.3.8 LimitationsThe limitations of the study include the fact that the study focuses only upon a single Nigerian brand, Tiffany and Amber, and results cannot be generalized towards other brands. Moreover, the sample population used is not representative of all the Tiffany and Amber customers and also does not represent the opinions of the customers of other lux ury brands (Cooper & Schindler, 2003).3.9 Timetable The time table shows the most time spent on activities such as reading literature, drafting the literature review, awaiting tutor feedback, and performing on the final feedback given. These activities are given the most emphasis because they are crucial points in the research process and require extensive time to complete. It is highly essential to spend ample time exploring as much literature as possible in order to develop a full-fledged conceptual framework. Hence, approximately a week and a half is required in order to properly read all relevant sources. Drafting and writing out the literature review is likely to take approximately two and a half weeks as it is essential to appropriately form the arguments and the critical analysis as this is the main foundation of the research. As supervisors and tutors are likely to have a number of students to advise, it will take them some time to provide feedback and thus this is also a mi lestone in the research process.Analyzing the data is likely to take a shorter period of time than the other activities as it certain statistical functions must be used on SPSS and the data must be interpreted accordingly.The most important part of the research process is acting upon final feedback and ensuring the dissertation is up to the mark in all regards which includes activities such as proofreading, formatting, and correcting any mistakes. Chapter 4 ConclusionIn a highly diverse and enticing fashion market, it is essential for Nigerian brands to promote brand awareness and prominence as Western brands do in order to ensure that they continue to appeal to young consumers. In order to do so, they may use a number of branding strategies that have preliminarily been explored in the literature review and will be explored in more depth and detail in the dissertation. However, as Western brands gain increasing prominence and implement effective branding strategies, it is becoming m ore essential for Nigerian designers to implement highly effective branding strategies to appeal to the youth (Kotler, 1988).With the example of Tiffany and Amber, the study will aim to appropriately explore the branding strategies that this particular brand employs and provide recommendations for improvement accordingly. This study can also lead to further research around the topics of how Nigerian branding strategies are different from the West and sympathy how young Nigerian customers perceive the branding strategies of the West compared to those of local brands. Thus, this information can be highly beneficial for the fashion industry to develop a more strategically appropriate marketing plan and become as competent and prominent as Western fashion brands. The study can also lead to studies in other sectors of the developing Nigerian market such as accessories, technology, home decor, and others.References Ahmad, S. (2011). Globalisation and brands.BRANDS AND BRANDING. Amankwah, A. M., Howard, E. K., & Sarpong, G. D. (2012). Foreign Fashion Influence on the Ghanaian Youth and its Impact on the Local Fashion Industry.International daybook of Innovative Research and emergence. Vol.1(11) pp.562-575. Anheier, H. K., & Isar, Y. R. (Eds.). (2008).Cultures and globalization The cultural economy. Sage. Atwal, G., & Williams, A. (2009). Luxury brand marketingThe experience is everything.Journal of Brand Management. Vol. 16(5) pp. 338-346. Berg, B. L. (2004).Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (Vol. 5). Boston Pearson. Cayla, J., & Arnould, E. J. (2008). A cultural approach to branding in the global marketplace.Journal of International merchandising. Vol.16 (4) pp.86-112. Chevalier, M. & Mazzalovo, G. (2008.) Luxury Brand Management, a world of privilege 1st ed. Singapore Chichester John Wiley. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business research methods. Danziger, P. (2004).Why people buy things they dont need understanding and predicting c onsumer behavior. Kaplan Publishing. Fillis, I., & Rentschler, R. (2006). Creative marketing an extended metaphor for marketing in a new age Jennings, H., & Ude, I. (2011).New African Fashion. Prestel. Kawamura, Y. (2011).Doing research in fashion and dress an trigger to qualitative methods. Berg. Keller, K. L., & Lehmann, D. R. (2006). Brands and branding Research findings and future priorities.Marketing Science. Vol. 25(6) pp.740-759. Kotler, P., (1988) Marketing Management Analysis, Planning and Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Musso, E. (2012).Trendy Growth Fashion as a Function for Development in Africa (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Colorado). Okonkwo, U.( 2009a.) The luxury brand strategy challenge. Journal of Brand Management. Vol. (5-6). pp. 287-289 Okonkwo, U., (2007b.) Luxury Fashion Branding. Trends, Tactics, Techniques 1st ed. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Patton, M. Q. (1990).Qualitative evaluation and research methods . SAGE Publications, in c. Phau, I., & Prendergast, G. (2000). Consuming luxury brands the relevancy of the rarity principle.The Journal of Brand Management. Vol.8(2) pp.122-138. Shukla, P. (2011). Impact of interpersonal influences, brand origin and brand image on luxury purchase intentions measuring interfunctional interactions and a cross-national comparison.Journal of world business. Vol. 46(2) pp. 242-252 Tynan, C., McKechnie, S., and Chhuon, C., (2010). Co-creating value for luxury brands. Journal of Brand management. Vol. 63. pp. 1156-1163 Ueltchy, L., and Laroche M.,( 2004.) Co-branding internationally. Everyone wins? Journal of Applied Business Research. Vol. 20(3) pp. 91-102 Wilcox, K., Kim, H. M., & Sen, S. (2009). Why do consumers buy counterfeit luxury brands?.Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 46(2) pp.247-259. Wissinger, E. (2009). Modeling Consumption Fashion modeling work in contemporary society.Journal of Consumer Culture. Vol.9 (2) pp.273-296.

An Annotated Bibliography on Multi-cultural Education

Mary Stone Hanley, a teacher in the teacher Certification Program of Antioch University in Seattle, explains and elaborates some of the issues concerning multicultural development and stops a brief history of the put forward as well as a few suggestions for its improvement in The Scope of multicultural schooling. She explains the ideals and goals of a multicultural approach to rearing and the assertable ways of achieving them through citations of industrial plant from other muckle and of course, from herself. The main targets of her article are the teachers concerned in teaching multicultural groups of students. Her article can overly be use of keens and servicesd to inform other people about the subject of multicultural education. She is still continuing barely researches for the development of multicultural education.John Morefield. Recreating Schools For All Children. New Horizons for Learning.John Morefield conducted extensive researches for the availability of soli d education for all children. When he became the principal of Hawthorne Elementary School in Seattle, Washington, he promised the community that debut kindergartners would graduate with skills at or above expected grade level competency. Thus his researches on what works in diverse communities. His targets are all concerned interviews with emphasis to fellow teachers. His article specifies twelve characteristics that he thinks are needed to have a successful school. He explains that since it is widely accepted that American education has been biased and racist, it is now time to move on and prepare a better future of education for all the children of the world.Rey A. Gomez. Teaching with a Multicultural Perspective. ERIC digest.Gomez explains that to teach with a multicultural perspective will win understanding and appreciation of ones own last, as well as others. He suggests that the use of this perspective in teaching could promote a sense of uniqueness and specialty to his own culture to the child and therefore making the child create a same sense of perspective when viewing others cultures.He also suggests that multicultural programs should not utterly focus on that the others cultures to the extent that a stereotype is created within the class. In his article, Morefield also reminds the parents of the children attending multicultural schools of the myths that usually lead to the stereotype behaviors of their children toward multiculturalism.Wilson, Keith. Multicultural fostering. EdChange.Wilson is an associate professor at the Pennsylvania State University. In his article, he gives a definition of Multicultural Education, and gives examples of the pros and cons of Multicultural Education. He cites some views from other writers to complement their views. He also gives a few suggestions on as to how a multicultural education program whitethorn succeed.Burnett, Gary. Varieties of Multicultural Education An Introduction. ERIC Digest 98.Burnnet compares and contrast some of the programs that represent the current multicultural education typologies. He explains in his article some of the current programs that are currently being used to aid in multicultural education for the benefit of those who would like to create their own policies and or programs for the advancement of multicultural education. He cites some articles concerning debates about the effectiveness of some of the programs to back up his explanations.Milk, Robert-Mercado, Carmen-Sapiens, Alexandria. Rethinking the Education of Teachers of Language Minority Children evolution Reflective Teachers for Changing Schools. NCBE Focus.The articles main idea is how to make the teachers more language minority students friendly. They wish to clarify and explain the roles of the teachers on the educational lives of the students. They cited several works of other people to further explain the impressiveness of the teachers role in the political, demographic, and programmatic sta tuses of the schools that teach language minority students. They give suggestive guidelines for the teachers to help them in teaching language minority students.Attinasi, John. Academic Achievement, Culture, and Literacy An Introduction. NCREL.He relates his own ideas and experiences to the audience to explain his, and others views about multicultural education. In this article, he introduces multiculturalism by relating it to his views of closure and processes and so states a few brief history of the evolution of multiculture. He then gives a few guidelines and discipline on how multiculturalism can imply changes on the way of teaching in a school with diversely cultured students.Gollnick, Donna M. Chinn, Philip C. Multicultural Education for Exceptional Children. ERIC Digest E498.Gollmick and Chinn turn out the importance of multicultural education on the growing population of the U.S. in their article. They also give importance to the purposes of multiculturalism in the edu cation world. They also idiom the importance of the teachers roles and their curriculums on the multicultural students. and then they give suggestion on as to how to create a non-biased and effective curriculum for teachers, or for schools, who handle multiculturally diverse classes. Their article is a good preview of how important is the need for improvement of multiculture education.Cohen, Cheryl. Teaching about pagan Diversity. ERIC Digest zero(prenominal) 32.Cohen explains the importance of Ethnic Diversity as part of the curriculum to be used for students. He also gives stress to the effective procedures to be used in teaching Ethnic Diversity. Basically, it is an informative article that emphasizes the importance of Ethnic Diversity in a curriculum for students. Its main audiences are teachers and the vast American children of different heathen backgrounds.Covert, Bob and Gorski, Paul. Defining Multicultural Education. EdChangeGorski and Covert give hints as to what does M ulticultural Education really mean. They show that there is almost no two classrooms that has the same definition for Multicultural Education. Then they give examples of aspects of multicultural education. They state the importance of the definition on the possible transformations it could cause to the society. They also stated a possible goal of multicultural education which is to affect social change of the world.ReferencesAttinasi, J. (1994). Academic Achievement, Culture, and Literacy An Introduction. Retrieved awful 8, 2007 from the NCREL database. Website http//www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/leadrshp/le0att.htmBurnnet, G. (1995). Varieties of Multicultural Education An Introduction. ERIC Digest 98. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction supporter no. ED372146. Website http//www.ericdigests.org/1995-1/multicultural.htmChinn, P. and Gollnick, D. (1991). Multicultural Educa tion for Exceptional Children. ERIC Digest E498. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED333620. Website http//www.ericdigests.org/pre-9220/exceptional.htmCohen, C. (1986). Teaching about Ethnic Diversity. ERIC Digest No. 32. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED273539. Website http//www.thememoryhole.org/edu/eric/ed273539.htmlCovert, B. and Gorski, P. Defining Multicultural Education. EdChange. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from EdChange database. Website http//www.edchange.org/multicultural/initial.htmlGomez, R. (1991). Teaching with a Multicultural Perspective. ERIC Digest. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and earlier Childhood Education Urbana IL. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED339548. Website http//ww w.ericdigests.org/1992-5/perspective.htmHanley, M. S. (n.d.). The Scope of Multicultural Education. New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from New Horizons for Learning. Website http//www.newhorizons.org/strategies/multicultural/hanley.htmMilk, R. Mercado, C. Sapiens, A. (summer 1992). Number 6. NCBE FOCUS Occasional Papers in bilingualist Education. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from NCBA database. Website http//www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/focus/focus6.htmMorefield, J. (n.d.). Recreating Schools For All Children. New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from New Horizons for Learning. Website http//www.newhorizons.org/trans/morefield.htmWilson,K. (n.d.). Multicultural Education. EdChange. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from EdChange database. Website http//www.edchange.org/multicultural/ text file/keith.html

The Teen Pregnancy

Teen m otherliness wasnt always a problem. so far a hundred years ago, men and women married and started their families unfledged person life expectancy was far shorter than it is straight off school wasnt nearly as important or widely available and young families conformed to the established neighborly norm. However, today in the developed world, teen pregnancy is a problem that causes a wide blow of social and frugal problems. The United States leads the developed world in teen pregnancies, with over twice as many per year as Great Britain or Canada, four times as many as France, and ten times as many as Japan or the Netherlands (Popenoe).As many as 34% of all teenage girls become pregnant at least once before they argon 20 years old, resulting in an astounding rate of 820,000 pregnancies a year. Nearly all of those pregnancies atomic number 18 off of wedlock and unwanted and so astir(predicate) half of those pregnancies result in abortion. Poverty and race ar correlat ed with teen pregnancy, too, as teen mothers are more likely to be poor and preserve poor if they start a family. Teen mothers are unlikely to finish in high spirits school fewer than one-third of teen mothers bring in their spirit level and a mere 1. 5% receive a college degree before they are 30 (The National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy).Additionally, teenage pregnancies a great deal result in short- and long-term health problems for both mother and child. Long-term social effects entangle the perpetuation of poverty and the weakening of the economic muscle of the nation clearly something must(prenominal) be make to clog teen pregnancy in the United States. Many people conceptualize mistakenly believe that wind up fosterage and birth examine distribution pull up stakes solve the epidemic of teen pregnancy. The inherent message is that if the birth control methods and education fails, then at least the teen can aim an abortion to prevent starting a family.Sex education focuses on safe sex the straitlaced use of birth control devices including prophylactics and hormonal contraceptives. Barrier birth control devices like condoms can prevent sexually-transmitted diseases as headspring as pregnancies. Many schools, community and health centers distribute condoms for free to encourage teens to practice session safe sex. The birth control approach to teen pregnancy is based on an assumption that teenagers are going to retain sex no matter what, because sex is a natural biological brain or because of peer pressure.By get a lineing safe sex, teachers and parents feel that at least they are minimizing the chances of causation a pregnancy or spreading a sexually transmitted disease. Sex education to a fault eliminates the need to address the complex moral and psychological issues associated with teen pregnancy issues that are controversial politically and difficult to discuss. In spite of the rationale behind the prophylactic approach to te en pregnancy, distributing birth control freely to teenagers willing fail to solve the epidemic and in fact contributes to the problem of teen pregnancy. tell teens that they should use birth control and then handing them birth control devices is frankly condoning and even encouraging antenuptial teen sex. The practice is ircreditworthy and irrational, because teen pregnancies are far more common now than they were in the 1960s, when birth control and sex education were not a part of the school curriculum. Moreover, sex education starts at a young age, in many cases before the young person is even provoke in having sex, increasing the likelihood of misunderstanding, misinterpreting, or misapplying the information.In many cases students do not pay worry either. Contrary to what many people believe, teenagers in the modern industrialized world do not have the mental or emotional maturity to understand the ramifications of sexual intercourse. In the old days, teens married young an d their pregnancies usually occurred within wedlock and in a socially-sanctioned setting. Now, teen pregnancies lead to social and economic problems. Furthermore, all birth control devices fail occasionally and many are difficult to use properly by adults, let alone inexperienced teens.At least half of all teen pregnancies result in abortion, which many teens begin to view as a form of backup birth control. The emphasis on birth control and sex education compound the underlying moral degeneracy that causes teen pregnancy in the United States, contributing to racial, gender, and social inequity, to poverty as to the denigration of life. Teaching abstinence is the simply meaningful way to reduce teen pregnancy because teaching abstinence addresses the root causes of the problem and provides an potent long-term solution.Abstinence is not a religious root or a superstitious idea abstinence is a practical solution to a serious problem. Parents and teachers should teach abstinence firs t, before they teach children about birth control. Teaching abstinence now wont be easy because teens expect to have sex and because the media targeted at teens reinforces a view that having sex is normal, cool, and healthy. A message of abstinence goes against what teens see on picture so many teens as well as adults whitethorn resist the idea. The idea of abstinence may be linked to religious beliefs and therefore many will construe the teaching as cosmos biased.Its not biased. Teaching abstinence is a universal, practical, simple way to prevent teen pregnancies and the concurrent health, social, and economic problems that go along with it. Teaching abstinence requires a two-fold plan. First, abstinence must be taught from an early age, in school and at home. Second, abstinence teaching must be continued throughout junior-grade and high school and reinforced through community messages and outreach. Teaching abstinence from an early age ensures that the individual will develop a n emotional and cognitive framework that will last through their lives.When taught from an early age, abstinence becomes the norm, replenishment sexual promiscuity or experimentation as the norm. Teaching abstinence at a young age, from late elementary school, is inexpensive and easy, requiring no special materials or funding. The education does not need to be presented from a religious perspective, but young students should learn about the moral and social ramifications of pregnancy so that they can independently choose abstinence when they reach puberty. Abstinence is a preventative teaching that must be reinforced throughout the pre-teen and teen years.Because they are influenced heavily by the media and by their peers, teenagers must receive continual guidance and support, and regular exposure to the message of abstinence. Therefore, abstinence education must continue into junior high and high school, if not in a formal class setting than through posters, pamphlets, and other a ccessible material. Parents must also participate by regularly talking to their teenage children, asking them questions about their social life, answering the teens questions as honestly and frankly as possible. Basically, abstinence must become a state of mind, a new social norm.Reducing the alarming and embarrassingly high rate of American teen pregnancies requires not a more aggressive birth control campaign but a more systematic abstinence campaign. If we fail to teach abstinence soon, from an early age, and systematically, then teen pregnancies will continue to plague young American women, contributing to social and economic injustice as well as widespread health issues. All Americans can see the negative of teen pregnancy it is a problem shared by all of us and therefore all of us are responsible for changing the underlying social norms that contribute to the problem and promoting abstinence.